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Reading & Writing · Checkpoint 10 of 30 · Craft and Structure · ~12 min
Text structure, purpose & cross-text connections
Why the author wrote it, what a sentence is doing, and how two texts relate.
The 30-second version
these questions ask what the text is doing, not what it's saying. "Main purpose" and "function of the underlined sentence" answers start with verbs — criticize, illustrate, concede, introduce — so your job is to name the author's action. For two-text questions: nail each author's position separately in a few words before reading how the question relates them.
Learn it: saying vs. doing
Take a sentence: "Yet Perez's own field notes tell a different story."
- What it says: the notes differ from something.
- What it does: introduces evidence that undermines the claim just described.
Purpose questions grade the second reading. Train yourself to annotate each sentence with a verb: this one introduces… this one complicates… this one concedes… this one gives an example. The right answer will match your verb; wrong answers describe accurate content attached to the wrong action.
Overall purpose
For whole-passage purpose, compress the text to "The author ____s ____" in under ten words: "The author challenges a common view of octopus intelligence." Then find the choice with the same verb energy. A passage that spends one sentence describing and four sentences criticizing has a purpose of criticizing.
Cross-text connections
Two short texts on one topic, and a question like "How would the author of Text 2 respond to the claim in Text 1?"
Summarize Text 1's position in five words
"Dinosaur decline was gradual."
Summarize Text 2's position
"New fossils show sudden collapse."
Classify the relationship
Disagrees? Agrees but extends? Agrees with a caveat? Narrower scope? Only then read the choices.
The most common right answers are partial: "agrees the data is incomplete but disputes the conclusion." Total-disagreement choices are often too strong.
Common traps
- True-but-wrong-job. The choice accurately restates a detail, but the question asked for the sentence's function.
- Verb mismatch. The text describes neutrally; the choice says "criticizes." Check the verb before anything else.
- Blending the two texts. Attribute each idea to its author. A fact from Text 1 in a "Text 2 believes…" choice is wrong no matter how true.
Try it
A passage praises a bridge's innovative design for two sentences, then says: "Still, the design had one unforgiving weakness: it assumed steady winds." What is the function of that sentence?
"Still" pivots against the praise, and "unforgiving weakness" introduces a limitation — the sentence's action is complicating what came before. B invents content; C gets the direction exactly backwards.
Free resources for this checkpoint
The Critical Reader: The Complete Guide to SAT Reading (opens in a new tab)
A chapter-by-chapter guide to every digital SAT reading question type, with step-by-step approaches, vocabulary help, and test-style practice questions. Meltzer also publishes a separate Reading & Writing Test Book with three full-length practice section sets.
Paid Resource
Best for Reading
Practice next
Question Bank filter: Reading & Writing → Craft and Structure → Text Structure and Purpose and Cross-Text Connections.
Practice these skillsOriginal Digital SAT-style questions on what this checkpoint covers.